Classification of Market Structure and Its Importance

CLASSIFICATION OF MARKET STRUTURE AND ITS IMPORTANCE INTRODUCTION In an economy, goods and services are produced for the ultimate satisfaction of the consumers. Therefore, all finished goods and services must be sold to the consumers. The process of exchange of these goods is essential. Thus, market is such a place where buyers and sellers gather in order to buy and sell a particular good or commodity. The term market refers not necessarily to a place but always to a commodity and the buyers and sellers who are not in direct competition with one another. CLASSIFICATION OF MARKETS Generally, the determination of price and output depends on the type the market. In a market, the products are produced, sold and†¦show more content†¦Under Perfect Competitionthe firm is in equilibrium at point M1, AR=MR=AC=MC. The equilibrium output is OQ2. On the other hand monopoly firm is in equilibrium point at M where MC=MR. The equilibrium output is OQ1. The monopoly output is lower than perfectly competitive firm output. Price Discrimination Price discrimination refers to the charging of different prices by the monopolist for the same product. He may charge different prices for different customers for the same product. Or in different markets, monopolist may charge differently. Price discrimination is possible only when elasticity of demand will be different in different markets. Where demand is inelastic they will charge higher price, low price where demand is elastic. –In some cases discrimination is legally sanctioned, for example railways charges different rates for the transport of coal and copper. MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION Monopolistic competition refers to a market situation where there are mny sellers of a commodity but the product of each seller is not identical. No seller can have any perceptible influence on the price output policies of the other seller nor can he be influenced by their action. For example, if we go to buy a tooth brush, we can choose from wide variety including rubber grip and plastic grip, diamond shaped and rectangle shaped, zig zag shaped and many others. There are a large number of buyers and sellers. (buyers notShow MoreRelatedThe 4p Classification of the Marketing Mix Revisited1201 Words   |  5 PagesThe 4P s Classification of the Marketing Mix Revisited This article, addresses the prime classifications scheme in marketing, the 4P configuration of the marketing mix. The marketing discipline needs a strong classification of the marketing mix, not only to stimulate conceptual integration and purification of the discipline, but also for meaningful measurement of marketing mix efforts and their effects. Also, managers need a clear classification of all instruments at their disposal in orderRead MoreRetailing As A Career : India Essay1427 Words   |  6 Pagesin this sector, the importance of oral communication has increased. Because of these, the retail professionals have to increase their communication skill in oral, in order to become as a successful professional in retailing career. In signing sales and selling professional, the significant aspect is the oral communication skills. In all the industries, the entire hiring process involve the oral communication or the formal presentation. 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The American Revolution Of The United States - 864 Words

Across the United States, history classes tell American children are told of the brave colonists dumping tea into the harbor in the name of democracy. There is no doubt that early Americans would go to any length to acquire a representative government. The American Revolution was not simply about gaining independence from Britain, but rather about facilitating becoming a democracy because of its independence. The colonists’ attempts to make America more democratic led to the need for independence from Britain through the American Revolution. King George III signed the Proclamation of 1763, which prohibited the colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, without taking into account what the colonists’ wanted. This proclamation was the first in a long series of events that made the Americans’ desire for democracy and, subsequently, independence from England grow. British government left no room for representation for Americans by Americans. British Parliament continually created acts that taxed Americans without their discretion. These acts included the Quartering Act, the Sugar Act, and the Stamp Act. The Stamp Act could be said to have been the tipping point for the colonists. In 1765, the Stamp Act required Americans to pay a tax on all paper documents in the colonies. Legal documents, newspapers, and even playing cards were taxed. These papers were then stamped to prove the tax had been paid. When the Stamp Act went into effect in the colonies, people wereShow MoreRelatedThe American Revolu tion : The United States1517 Words   |  7 PagesIvette Hernandez December 5, 2015 History 8A The American Revolution The United States of America has gone through a series of unimaginable events and drastic occurrences to become the powerful nation it is today. Many of these events have shaped the United States, and I think a key factor in how the United States works today resulted from the American Revolution. 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Management Policy Profile

Question: Describe about the Policy Profile? Answer: Abstract Surveying the affiliation's threat is one of two beginning exercises in making a certification structure. The other is making an affirmation control structure and unmistakably giving security responsibilities. The latter is more troublesome in a gigantic decentralized association and takes any more than it would may suspect. This will be said in further inconspicuous components later in this report. As it is formalizing the structure, threat tests and mitigations techniques are up 'til now going to need to be achieved. Without having a knowing of the peril it is not able to understand the suitable protection proposals, frameworks, recommendations, and necessities to put set up to check sufficient security manages are joined. A peril evaluation has three basic sections danger appraisal, weaknesses evaluation, and resource recognition. Dangers can be composed in an extensive variety of ways. The five noteworthy sections of a security system are the going with: Occasionally evaluate danger Record a component wide security system game plan Fabricate a protection control structure and unmistakably administer affirmation commitments Complete effective security-related laborers methods Screen the security program's profit and take off enhancements as essential Figure 1: IT Security key structure (McMillan, 2014) Introduction Generally, a practical association relies on upon true blue business arranging. In a making where there are consistent impediments on sources, both human and budgetary, incredible arranging allows an association to make the most out of the sources close-by. Masterminding by and large fuses classes and business strategies interior or outside to the association. They can consolidate workers, control, stockholders, other outside stakeholders, the physical atmosphere, the authoritative and legal environment, the powerful atmosphere, and the technical atmosphere (Mellon, 2002). Figure 2: Planning for IT (Mattord, 2005) The genuine elements of an impeccable procedure fuse the perspective explanation, target proclamation, framework, and a progression of asked for and retail programs. Making the business procedure for purposes of investment protection relies on upon the same arranging framework. Since the inconspicuous components protection get-together of speculation hunt down to impact the more far reaching assembling in which it lives up to expectations, the effective purposes of investment security advisor should know how the business arranging strategy works so that dedication in the framework can make foremost results. The unmistakable strategy for dealing with resources in present associations, arranging is the check of a progression of action exercises expected to fulfill particular targets, and a short time later dealing with the execution of these exercises (NASCIO, 2006). Organizing offers course to the affiliation's future. Definitive arranging should be performed using a top-down method in which the affiliation's organization pick the course and endeavors that the entire association should participate in. The key target of the business arranging technique is the headway of specific plans: purposeful controls on the most ideal approach to meet the affiliation's objectives. This is achieved with a technique that starts with the general end closes with the particular (Wood, 2001). Strategy Technique, or impeccable arranging, is the foundation for whole deal course for the association. Key get prepared in like way books business exercises, and concentrates sources to specific, clearly depicted focuses, in the midst of an always advancing air. Along these lines, flawless arranging is a controlled push to make basic choices and activities that shape and information what an association is, the thing that it does, and why it does it, with an emphasis on the not all that far off future (Hurd, 2001). Figure 3: Strategic Planning (Mattord, 2005) Planning for the Organization After an association conveys a regular procedure, it makes a general immaculate game plan by extrapolating that fundamental technique into particular flawless courses of action for genuine zones. Every one period of each office changes over those targets into more particular destinations for the stage underneath. Nevertheless, to perform this wide system and change presentation excitedly, the master gathering ought to first center particular duties (National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 1996). Figure 4: Planning of an organization (Mattord, 2005) Planning Levels At the point when the affiliation's general impeccable approach is changed over into immaculate targets for every one essential division or operation, for instance, the Information Security assemble, the accompanying step is to change over these strategies into undertakings with particular, amazing, possible and time-bound goals. Essential get prepared then starts a conformity from general, getting cases to more particular and associated targets. Key arranging has a humbler focus than immaculate get prepared, commonly one to three years. Key arranging pounds down every one fitting flawless destination into a movement of systematic destinations. Managers and authorities use the helpful tasks, which are concentrated around the vital ventures, to arrange the diligent, standard execution of wanders. The valuable framework consolidates clearly saw synchronization practices transversely over division obstructions, messages requirements, reliably gatherings, traces, progression reviews, and related errands (Securosis, L.L.C., 2013). Figure 5: Levels for planning (Mattord, 2005) Planning and the CISO The essential concern of the CISO and unobtrusive components affirmation director should be the structure of a flawless framework. While everyone association may have its own structure for the style and settlement of a flawless strategy, the indispensable sections of get prepared are the same (NASCIO, 2006). Parts of a flawless strategy Presentation by the Chief Master of the Panel or CEO Official Summary Mission Declaration and Perspective Statement Definitive Information and History Key Problems and Primary Values Program Objectives and Objectives Organization and Operations Objectives Some extra governs for get prepared include: Make a fit vision decree that support the advancing procedure, and limits as an appealing for people who need to matter. Handle the usage of a sound scorecard strategy, which requirements the use of a robust set of exercises and reason impact considering. Pass on a set up dynamic stage technique beginning, and solicitation feedback from stakeholders in the association. Make the changing framework discernible. Make the framework sustaining for everyone. Be endless. Make the framework constant. Give centrality. Act characteristically. Lighten up and have some great times. Planning for Information Security Implementation The CIO and CISO play basic positions in changing over general impeccable arranging into indispensable and utilitarian unpretentious components security tasks purposes of investment certification (Eric Muscat, 2013). The CISO performs a more dynamic part in the change of the arranging inconspicuous components than does the CIO. The occupation information for the unobtrusive components security division executive from purposes of investment protection positions and responsibilities made fundamental is: Makes an immaculate unpretentious components protection framework with a perspective for the destiny of purposes of investment affirmation at Company utilizing changing unobtrusive components security advancement, this perspective satisfies a variety of targets, for instance, organization's watchman and legitimate responsibilities, customer ends of the line for secure forefront association techniques, and the strong necessities of the business focus Grasps the essential association exercises regulated by affiliation, and concentrated around this understanding, shows fitting purposes of investment confirmation game plans that singularly secure these exercises Makes action ventures, plans, costs, position reviews and other top control messages proposed to improve the position of unpretentious components confirmation at affiliation At the point when the affiliation's general flawless method has been changed over into IT and unpretentious components security retail destinations by the CIO, and after that further changed over into imperative and utilitarian ventures by the CISO, the execution of purposes of investment protection can begin (NASCIO, 2006). Figure 6: Security implementation (Mattord, 2005) The "bottom-up procedure" can begin as a grass-roots attempt in which methodologies boss try to improve the security of their strategies. The key inclination to this methodology is the imaginative aptitudes of the individual boss, since they work with machine constantly. Disastrously, this system rarely meets desires, as it doesn't have different discriminating eccentricities, for instance, synchronized get prepared from higher control, synchronization amidst divisions, and the supply of sufficient sources. The "top-down approach", in examination, has strong higher control help, a devoted champ, normally beyond any doubt financing, a sensible arranging and execution process, and the ability to impact business lifestyle. Irregular state managers offer sources, give course, issue principles, frameworks and strategies, center the targets and foreseen results of the meander, and make sense of who is accountable for each of the obliged activities. The best top-down technique in like manner joins a power improvement framework generally known as the strategies advancement life-cycle. For any top-down methodology to be productive, of course, irregular state control must get tied up with the try and offer all divisions with their full backing. Such an effort must have a champion ideally, a master with sufficient impact to propel the meander, ensure that it is fittingly dealt with, and power for respect all through the association. Collaboration and help of the end customers is similarly critical to the achievement of this kind of attempt. Systems Development Life Cycle The essential "systems development life-cycle (SDLC)" is a framework for the arrangement and execution of an information structure in an association for the most part used as a piece of IT associations. A framework is a power methodology to changing an issue depending upon a made course of action out of routines. Using a methodology guarantees a broad process, and upgrades the shot of attaining to the favored last reason. The inspiration to begin a SDLC-based meander may be event driven, that is, started because of some occasion in the domain of business, inside the association, or inside the positions of pros, clients or distinctive stakeholders. Then again it could be plan-driven, that is, the result of a properly arranged orchestrating method. At the end of every one stage, a made appraisal or truth check happens, in the midst of which the social occasion and its organization level evaluators understand if the meander should be nonstop, stopped, contracted, or deferred until additional capacities or business learning is gotten (Avinash, 2013). Figure 7: SDLC Phases (Mary Poppendieck, 2003) Investigation It sees the issue that the task being arranged is to settle. Beginning with an appraisal of the event or plan that triggers the methodology, the destinations, repressions, and shot of the meander are brought up. A beginning cost or benefit investigation is proposed to evaluate the apparent inclination and the fitting costs for those great circumstances. Analysis The investigation stage starts with the unpretentious components academic in the midst of the examination stage. This stage separates the affiliation's preparation, its accessible frameworks position, and its capacity to apply and subsequently support the prescribed strategies. Masters make sense of what the new program is obliged to do, and how it will participate with current frameworks. Logical Design In the sensible style mastermind, the purposes of investment got in the midst of the examination stage is used to make a proposed system based answer for the association issue. According to the association oblige, the get-together picks frameworks and applications fit for giving the obliged organizations. Finally, dependent upon most of the over, the social affair picks particular sorts of specific manages that may exhibit important when joined as a real cure. The sensible style is the execution separate framework for the needed cure. Physical Design In the midst of the honest to goodness style arrange, the social event picks particular imaginative improvement that backing the decisions saw and analyzed in the sensible style. The picked parts are poor down further as a make-or-buy decision, then a last style is picked that merges the diverse obliged segments and mechanical advancement. Implementation In the execution sort out, the affiliation's application specialists make any application that is not to be obtained, and take making breaker areas. These tweaked segments are assessed and recorded. Customers are arranged and supporting attestation is made. At the point when all parts have been assessed independently, they are presented and investigated. Maintenance This stage fuses the assignments imperative to move down and change the framework for whatever remains of its useful life-cycle. Often, the venture is examined for congruity, and the ability to think of continuation diverged from discontinuance is penniless down. Changes, up-dates, and reaches are managed. Right when the present framework can no more help the changed focus of the affiliation, it is done and an alternate methodology change meander is performed. Figure 8: Maintenance Model (Mattord, 2005) Structure and responsibilities This is an extraordinarily essential stage and needs control buy in all through the association. It is the first thing in making a substance wide affirmation program system, yet it is similarly one of the principal fragments in the general framework. There are mixed bags of viewpoint these days about how to set up a certification control framework. Some experience there necessities to be a Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) that reviews straight to the pioneer of the association. Others experience the certification framework should be spent the Office of the Chief Information Officer (CIO) and the top security power should overview straight to the CIO. A ton of it relies on upon what the obliged the CIO are inside the association (Clearswift, 2012). These are all around needed to the System Security Plan control thing in the table. It is fundamental that it gets buy in from higher control on your guidelines. They will do or pass on your security program. In case they don't consider the security strategy vital not one or the other will their framework system supervisors or their workers. It is significant structure relationship with the key managers. It can't overemphasize the vitality of this. It is moreover key to get acknowledgement from work participation and enrolling when deciphering disciplinary and association requirements for your standards. When it gets the system recognized it is as of now time to start making methodology, books, and necessities. Without systems, books, and necessities the task system chiefs and their information protection powers won't have the advantages to apply your tenets. Techniques, Guides, and Standards have extraordinarily particular illuminations, yet basically they can at times get blurry. Methods are particular steps that one must take after to accomplish an approach. Associates are best schedules to apply a methodology, however there is adaptability in their usage, and requirements set particular imaginative necessities that must be regarded. Conclusion It is recommended that CIOs and IT organization, including CISOs, take after five paramount orchestrating thoughts to make and apply profitable information certification structure organization: Strategize and Plan: Determine target state. See and focus on protection points of interest, based on association targets, the peril and risk environment, and congruity particulars. Set up commitment in regards to affirmation. Produce a protection structure planned with association needs. Make Governance: Set up viable government systems and sheets. Make a perfect method for determination and giving choice rights. See and dazzle stakeholders. Center decision making power and stream. Drive Modify Management: Set up a structure for teaming up and partner new considerations and strategies by method for different undertakings. Get buy in from stakeholders at all levels. Evaluate progress, and make stakeholder duty to the adjustment. Execute: Properly work the effort according to association targets. Redesign and create new parts of the effort in light of changing association particulars and peril circumstances. Measure and Improve: Evaluate how the effort has affected association results. Search for reviews from stakeholders. Drive headways through technique changes and enhancements. References [1] Avinash. (2013). software development life cycle (sdlc). tutorialspoint.com.[2] Clearswift. (2012). The CISOs Guide to Being Human. Clearswift.[3] Eric Muscat, D. T. (2013). CISO The Voice for Information Security. Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands: KPMG.[4] Hurd, B. E. (2001, June 5). The Digital Economy and the Evolution of Information Assurance. Retrieved from https://www.itoc.usma.edu/Workshop/2001/Authors/Submitted_Abstracts/paperW1C3(20).pdf[5] Mary Poppendieck, T. P. (2003). Lean Software Development: An Agile Toolkit. USA: Addison-Wesley Professional.[6] Mattord, H. J. (2005). Management of Information Security. Georgia: Kennesaw State University.[7] McMillan, R. (2014, April 14). Information Security Program Management Key Initiative Overview. Retrieved from https://www.gartner.com/doc/2708617/information-security-program-management-key[8] Mellon, C. (2002, August 26). Software Engineering Institute (SEI) Capability Maturity Model (CMM). Retrieved from https://www.s ei.cmu.edu/cmm/cmms/cmms.html[9] NASCIO. (2006). A Current View of the State CISO: A National Survey Assessment. USA: NASCIO.[10] NASCIO. (2006, July). Born of Necessity: The CISO Evolution Bringing the Technical and the Policy Together. Retrieved from https://www.nascio.org/nascioCommittees/securityPrivacy/members/#publications[11] NASCIO. (2006, May). The IT Security Business Case: Sustainable Funding to Manage the Risks. Retrieved from https://www.nascio.org/nascioCommittees/securityPrivacy/members/#publications[12] National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (1996, September). Generally Accepted Principles and Practices for Securing Information Technology Systems. Retrieved from https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-14/800-14.pdf[13] Securosis, L.L.C. (2013). The CISOs Guide to Advanced Attackers. Phoenix: Securosis, L.L.C. .[14] Wood, C. C. (2001). Information Security Policies Made Easy. Houston: Pentasafe Security Technologies, Inc.

Importance Of Communication Skills Essay Example For Students

Importance Of Communication Skills Essay Communication skills are all around us, from the day we are born untilthe rest of our lives. How many times have you seen communication skillsrequired for a job in the classifieds and wonder what it actually means. Acommunication skill is some type of skill used in communication, From talking,body language to even listening. Many things can effect the way one can conveyhis or her communication skills to others. All of these skills are verypersonnel to one another. Everyone has different ways of expressing some kindof communication skill within them. One communication skill is speaking, by far one of the most importantskill we posses. To be a good speaker one must be able to convey ideas clearlyand briefly. One must also have a clear and pleasant tone to his or her voice. This makes the person you are talking to more attentive, thus, more interested. The speaker must also be aware of his environment and the people he is speakingto. Environment plays a lot with what you say and try to convey to people. Ifyou hear a bird chirping, you might incorporate it to what you where just aboutto say. This makes the person youre talking to even more comfortable with whatyou are trying to convey with your thoughts and ideas. This is how differentthings can effect ones communication skill, speaking. A second communication skill is body language, a very personal way ofexpressing yourself without words. Ones body language can carry a wholeconversation without even saying a word. Sign language is an excellent exampleof this, one can spend there whole life communicating only with there body. Still one can be able to understand exactly how a person is trying to expressthemselves. Speaking and body language goes hand to hand, without gestures whentalking one cannot truly explain certain things to someone. Also there is novisual effect for the person listening. When there is sound as well as somekind of visual movement one is more interested in what someone is trying to say. Through body language one can tell if a person is sad or happy, glad or mad. Body language conveys a lot of expression to are inner feelings and thoughts. Body language can show many things about you and the way you think. It can alsoshow the way a person reacts to what you try to convey to them. If the listenerisnt responding one must try and change the topic without losing the listenersfocus. One can only know this threw the listeners body language. Bodylanguage is essential to a good way of showing and conveying ones ideas. A third and final major communication skill is listening, one of themost useful communication skills. A good listener is someone who canconcentrate and not loose focus on a subject. When someone listens to someonesometimes they might start daydreaming or think of something else and loosefocus on a speakers subject. Listening is what connects people together. Onecannot speak if no one is listening, without a listener there would be no needfor a speaker. Listening is a skill that takes a long time to develop and toreally understand how to listen. One can hear but are they really listening towhat is said?. One way to make a listeners job easier is to have a speaker whois clear and brief. This way the listener wont drift away and the speaker hasstated his or her point. This way the listener has understood what has beensaid and can make his or her own interpretations. An active listener is alistener who is involved with what the speaker is trying to say. He or She forexample may nod, lean forward or make eye contact and Also may take notes. Thisshows that the speaker has done his job successfully and the listener isresponding and being active to what has been said. A listener can be biased andnot even listen this does not effect the speaker cause he or she mayberesponding to others. These effects show how important listening is to everyoneand what an important communication skill it really is. .u7fc9e35df6743a0268edda33534aa82d , .u7fc9e35df6743a0268edda33534aa82d .postImageUrl , .u7fc9e35df6743a0268edda33534aa82d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7fc9e35df6743a0268edda33534aa82d , .u7fc9e35df6743a0268edda33534aa82d:hover , .u7fc9e35df6743a0268edda33534aa82d:visited , .u7fc9e35df6743a0268edda33534aa82d:active { border:0!important; } .u7fc9e35df6743a0268edda33534aa82d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7fc9e35df6743a0268edda33534aa82d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7fc9e35df6743a0268edda33534aa82d:active , .u7fc9e35df6743a0268edda33534aa82d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7fc9e35df6743a0268edda33534aa82d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7fc9e35df6743a0268edda33534aa82d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7fc9e35df6743a0268edda33534aa82d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7fc9e35df6743a0268edda33534aa82d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7fc9e35df6743a0268edda33534aa82d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7fc9e35df6743a0268edda33534aa82d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7fc9e35df6743a0268edda33534aa82d .u7fc9e35df6743a0268edda33534aa82d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7fc9e35df6743a0268edda33534aa82d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Free Media Violences: The Impact of Media Vi EssayCommunication skills will be around us forever and will continue tothrive and develop as time goes by. These effects on communication skillsshowed that one can interpret different things threw ones communication skills. As one improves their communication skills it shows us how to talk, listen andcommunicate better with one another. As the world progresses we will see morepeople taking more time to develop this skill to there fullest. One willunderstand to control the effects communication skills causes and how to handlethem. Category: English

Biology Osmosis Lab Report Sample Essay Example

Biology Osmosis Lab Report Sample Paper Biology Osmosis Lab Report Essay Introduction CO is transferred from the blood to the lungs, where is exhales. The intake 02 and the parallel elimination of CO in the lungs and is called gas exchange with the environment or otherwise breath (URL). In physiology respiration is defined as the transport of 02 in the body from the outside air to the cells within tissues and the transport of CO in the opposite direction. Thus the basic function of the respiration in human body is to deliver 02 to all parts of the body in order to produce energy for the faction of organism and remove waste product out of this. URL). This function is performed by the respiratory system. In the experiment we dealt with breathing and were signed to the chemical factor or factors boost for breath and dealt with the 02 and CO. Generally in the experiment was four times breathing, different air quality each time, which contains a collection of air from the breathing. Then measure the 02 and CO in the air which was collected. At one time was breathing atmosp heric air and the other two times was breathing 02 and CO respectively. A variety of objects among which the timer for time measurement, mouthpiece for breath, geometer for measurement the 02 in the blood, a bags for collecting air and two other bag who have 02 and CO respectively (URL). The results were obtained after the recovery gas mixtures were measured in the laboratory through a machine measuring instruments in this gas mixture. The method was used to understand the reasons for which breathing takes place as well as the specific factors causing it. The experiment helped identify these factors by the variations in air intake and exhalation. Using this method we managed to define the ideal air mixture for healthy breathing. Materials and Methods: A lot has been written and said about the control of respiration in the human body and many textbooks and scholars have dealt with this main issue in medicine. They state that respiration in healthy people is mainly controlled by CO co ncentrations present in the brain and arterial blood. Modern research is focused on specifics and details of this chemical breath control. Biology Osmosis Lab Report Essay Body Paragraphs This experiment recorded the rates of 02 and CO concentrations. High levels of CO in the blood are naturally poisonous, thus it is preferable to have them at the lowest possible levels. Paradoxically it is the increase of CO concentrations which controls breathing in the outer respiration system, the fundamental function of the human body (URL). At the first stage of the experiment, a person breathed atmospheric air thought a mouthpiece and in order to breathe only from the mouth with the help of the mouthpiece, we used a clip. In this stage of the experiment, breath was taken from normal air which was breathed from room conditions as we all breath daily, with air containing 80% Nitrogen, 20% Oxygen and 0% CO . Breathing of normal air was taken for one minute and then the person breathed the air held his holding for as much time as possible and having the nose clip on the nose. He manages to hold his breath seconds before he blew out the air blew air into a bag; this moment is called Pane time. Then the bag was given to the laboratory technician in order to pass the air of the bag passes into a gas analysis. From the analysis of the bag air we have got the percentages of pip and APPC respectively. The units which provided the resolution are mug. In the first analysis, the results were 38, 9 mug CO and 104, 78 mug 02. The second part the experiment was repeated as previously with a few differences. Specifically, with the help of the mouthpiece and the nose clip as before was taken hyperventilation for one minute. Then the breath was hold for as long as possible, namely 61 second, after that pick up the air inside he bag for a gas analyze with the help of the laboratory technician, as before. The percentage of 02 in this case was 102. 19 mug, while the CO was 26 mug. In the third part of the experiment we use a special bag containing 5% CACM, where the mouthpiece was connected with the bag which contained the 5% CO and the breathing was taken from the bag for one minute. As previously with the assistant of mouthpiece and nose clip, the breath was hold as long as possible, specifically 37 seconds. Samples of the air in a bag ware taken again as before in the gas analyze to analyze the new rates. The rates which were taken were 111. 11 mug for 02 and 49 mug for CO The fourth time the experiment was approximately the same way as the previous times as before; with the difference breathing was taken from a bag containing 40% 02 for one minute, with the help of the mouthpiece. The breath hold was repeated again as long as possible, namely for seconds and in this case the rates of the air collected after the gas analyze, were 140. 25 mug 02 and 55 mug CO The average of these results was performed in the table below along with the graph. The rates we got were 02 140. 25 mug and CO 55 mug. In experiment except the mouthpiece and the nose clip used also the geometries to observe the oxygen present in the body and a stopwatch to measure the time of br eath and time of breath holding. Average of these results was performed and the table below along with the graph. Results: Experiment I Pane Time (sec) I Pane Time (sec) I APPC (mug) I APPC (mug) I pip (mug) I pip (mug) | Saturation | Saturation I I MEAN I SD I MEAN I SAID MEAN SD I MEAN SD I Normal Air | 59 1 91 38,9 1 6,81 104,78 | 20,95 | 96 1 51 Hyperventilation 97 | 24 | 26 1 3,91 102,19 120,95 1 95 141 co 12417149 131 111,11 | 6,13 196 131 02 | 86 191 55 131 140,25 1 1486 1 98 141 The table records the results of the experiment. Specifically it’s illustrating the average APPC (mug) and pip (mug) in the four breaths made during the experiment. On the graph the partial pressures of CO and 02 are compared at breaking point in the four different gas mixtures that the subject had to breathe in. The period of time it took the subject to reach breaking point is recorded every time and is otherwise called as pane time, as well as the % 02 saturation is recorded with the help of a pulse geometer. Observe the table fluctuations f the results depending each time the gas mixtures are changing. In particular we note that the results of pip are higher than other prices in contrast to the results of APPC which are the lowest. All these variations are due to the increase and decrease of pip and APPC, each time is different and also the need of every organism varies according to its’ needs. The experiment was to breathing four different gases such as exists in the table like Normal air, Hyperventilation, 5% CO and 40% 02 for one minute each time. Then follow two graphs with the results of the table we got from the experiment. The first graph shows the average of APPC and pip. The red line shows the average of the results of pip that were collected in the bag. Each dot shows the exact amount of pip found after breathing different gas mixtures. The blue line also shows the average results of APPC and each dot shows the exact amount of APPC found after breathi ng different gas mixtures. Specifically, we observe that the values of the red line are higher as it should be since we need oxygen to survive. The normal levels of partial pressure of 02 in exhaled air, at rest are 120 mug for the oxygen and for carbon dioxide 27 mug. However the amounts in he experiment observed are especially different than normal levels because the gas mixture levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen were always different each time and also this is because the breath was held for some time before exhaling. The first point of the graph illustrated decreased rates of oxygen from normal while the rates of carbon dioxide increased. That is due to respiration which continued happening even when the person was holding its breath therefore as there was no rate of elimination and there was no more oxygen breathed in carbon dioxide levels increased since it is a byproduct of respiration. The second point also shows that the amount of pip is higher than the amount of APPC. At this point we had rates from hyperventilation. We see that both the amounts of pip and the rate of APPC are lower than the previous breath but normal levels. With hyperventilation the oxygen levels are lower from every other condition because the subject is taking short and fast breaths to satisfy it is immediate need for oxygen. Lower amounts of oxygen result to lower amounts of carbon dioxide. The third point shows the rates of respiration when a %5 of CO was introduced to the gas mixture. At this point the levels pip and APPC have increased from he previous breaths. The oxygen levels are reduced compared with the levels of carbon dioxide which is normal since the gas mixture contained 5% of carbon dioxide. Observe these results because at this point there was a large increase in the carbon dioxide resulting in oxygen to be slightly increased because there is a need for the organism to stay at equilibrium levels always so more oxygen uptake was needed. In the fourth section the re sults are more elevated than all the other points, but in addition is increased and compared to normal levels of exhaled air at rest. The results of this point were obtained after the breathing f 40% more oxygen than normal. With this respiration levels increased since a large amount of oxygen was breathed in and in this way the rate of carbon dioxide increased because is a byproduct of respiration. In the second graph, the green line shows the % rate of 02 compared to the four times of breathing different gases. Notice that the first and third point at the graph, when the subject was breathing normal air and then when a 5% of CO was added to the mixture, are the same amount. Believe that is because both oxygen and carbon dioxide increased as well so the saturation stayed at about normal levels. In hyperventilation it had the smallest percentage of oxygen saturation due to decreased amount of oxygen breathed in. On the other hand, the fourth point has the largest percentage of oxyge n breathing because the subject was breathing in a gas mixture that contained 40% more oxygen so it is normal that the oxygen saturation levels are the highest. Conclusion: This experiment helped us learn how to collect and analyses and expired air samples. They also learn how to appreciate the relative influence of 02 and CO on the control of respiration. Floating the aim of the experiment is to determine he risk, chemical and non-chemical, helping to be breathing. We will write a custom essay sample on Biology Osmosis Lab Report Sample specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Biology Osmosis Lab Report Sample specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Biology Osmosis Lab Report Sample specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Greenland essays

Greenland essays The geography of Greenland is quite ironic considering its name. Greenland is Located in the northern part of North America. It is between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Canada. Greenlands area is approximately 2,715,600 square kilometers. Its area is slightly more than 3 times the size of Texas. It is the largest island in the world. It is also primarily by the Davis Strait and Baffin Bay and from Iceland on the east, by the Denmark Strait. Greenlands terrain is flat to a gradually sloping icecap. It covers everything but a narrow, mountainous, rocky coast. Its climate has cool summers and very cold winters! During the summertime in the southern part of Greenland, the average Temperature is 48Â ° Fahrenheit. The climate of Greenland is generally dry. People have lived on Greenland for about 5, 000 years, the earliest belonging to what are called the Independence I, Saqqaq, and Independence II cultures. Greenland is the source of many weather changes in the Northern Hemisphere. Their natural resources include Zinc, lead, iron ore, coal, gold, platinum, uranium, fish, seals and whales. The mammals include the musk-ox, wolf, lemming, and reindeer. Circumpolar animals that inhabit the island are the polar bear, arctic fox, polar hare, and stoat. The environmental issues consist of protecting the arctic environment and preservation of their traditional way of life, including whaling. The population of Greenland is 59, 827 people. They are called Greenlanders and the majority religion is Evangelical Lutheran. Their languages include Eskimo dialects, Danish, and Greenlandic (An Inuit dialect.). The age structure is 0-14 years 26%; 15-64 68%; 65-? 6%. The total life expectancy is male 65.98 years and female 74.24 years. The total life expectancy population is to 70 years. ...

Insurance Industry and Global Climax Change Research Paper

Insurance Industry and Global Climax Change - Research Paper Example However, the level of human consumption and the consequential degradation of the natural environment have reached a level of mutual destruction and dire consequences for both human inhabitants and the nature. Thus, the greatest environmental concern facing the planet is excessive carbon footprints left by the people on the planet. Carbon is a vital element for both human beings and the natural environment (Mills et al, 2006). Climate Change A. Data about how frequency of disaster due to climate changes Climate change has negative impact in the sense that landslides and floods, tsunamis and hurricanes are common phenomenon. For instance, landslides and floods have claimed more than one thousands lives in Brazil. Further, climate change has seen the sea ice in countries such as Canada take long time to appear during the months of winter, which in turn negatively affects the polar bear this is because the polar bear are spending too much time on land decreasing the time they spend hunti ng in the sea ice. Polar bear can hunt effectively in sea ice not on land, and as a result, the population of this creature is rapidly decreasing. In addition, climate change has led to increase in extra tropical cyclones, hailstorms, bush fires, droughts and heat waves. More extensive destruction, social, environmental, and economical impacts from weather related tragedies. Transformations in atmospheric process will negative influence the health, property and lives of many people in the world (Mills, 2005). B. Data about damage climate change every year The increase in temperatures causes large boulders of ice to melt and form water, which flows to large water bodies. As a result, there is a rise in sea level all over the globe. This reduces the area of land under settlement and is posing a threat to human existence. The human being who had caused the warming, with or without their knowledge, is now being punished by nature. The Antarctic regions is a good example, as the melted i ce masses causes displacement of people and the consequence is causing a strain on land space (Jacobs, 2012). C. Direct Impact on human and properties a. Health Impacts a. Weather-related Mortality Climate change that took place since 1970s has claimed over 150,000 excess lives yearly by the year 2004. The number of weather related tragedies has increased since 1960s. Each year, these tragedies lead to more than 55,000 deaths particularly in developing nations. b. Infectious Diseases Global climate change influence the environmental and social determinants of health in the sense that human beings are exposed to unclean air, unsafe drinking water, lack of sufficient food and poor shelter. This in turn leads to many infectious diseases such as diarrhea, malaria, dengue and malnutrition which worsen as the climate transforms. c. Air Quality- Respiratory Illnesses Global increase in the respiratory diseases such as allergies and asthma results from global warming such as depletion of oz one layers, spread of communicable illnesses because of earth heats, and rising temperatures. 2. Agriculture Impacts a. Crop Yields i. Food shortage The increasing precipitation and rising temper

The relationship between the Strategic Position and Strategic Choices Essay

The relationship between the Strategic Position and Strategic Choices of Marks & Spencer plc - Essay Example The company that is the subject of this research is Marks and Spencer Plc. (M&S), one of the foremost British transnational retailer. It was established in the year 1884. Over the years, it has operated its business in the global retail industry and provided a wide range of products and services to its customers such as clothing, food along with financial instrument among others. Marks and Spencer has franchises in several countries such as China, Indonesia and South Korea among others. In early 1990s, it had started to establish its brand image and subsequently emerged as a household name on the global market. However, the organization has lost its acclaim in the global platform to a certain extent during the last decade. Unfortunately, since last few years, Marks and Spencer has been losing its competitive power on the global retail industry. Competitors such as Arcadia Group Limited, Benetton Group, Oasis and The Gap and Burberry Group among others are eventually coming up with ex citing and innovative trends to attract the global customers. This factor has been resulting in a steep decline for Marks and Spencer. With the consideration of these facts, the study intends to define and comprehend the notions of strategic position and strategic choices and subsequently desires to integrate the notions with the presented scenarios in the case study related to the operations of Marks and Spencer.

The Value of Money Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Value of Money - Essay Example Some of the items included a baby doll, a puzzle of teddy bears, baby clothes for the baby doll, and a package of M&Ms for my sweet tooth. I was putting the items in the cart without my moms knowledge, hiding them to make sure she would not see them until we were checking out. Once at the checkout, my mom would put each of the items on the conveyer belt. When she came to the items that I had picked out, she shook her head and asked me â€Å"are you paying for the items that you have put in the cart?†. I answered â€Å"No, I don’t have any money.†. My mom replied â€Å"You know money doesn’t grow on trees. You need to learn that you have to earn your money to buy the things that you want.† My mom told the cashier that everything that I picked out would have to go back, except for the M&M’s. After this incident, my mom decided to help me learn about the value of money and how to earn it. She started having me do chores around the house so that I could earn money to buy some of the items I wanted. Although this helped me understand that money was not free, I remember thinking how unfair it was that I had to earn money to buy my toy(s). Now that I’m grown up, I have a great job, and a family of my own. I have learned that not only do I have to earn the money I need, I have to manage my money in order to pay bills and buy the item(s) I want. Every trip to the store now consists of me asking myself whether or not I need the item as opposed to wanting the item, regardless of whether I can afford the item or not. During my most recent trip to Wal-Mart, I strolled up and down the grocery aisle, picking up the items that were on my grocery list. After I was finished getting all with my list, I found myself wandering around looking for anything else that I might want. My first stop on my whimsical items splurge took me to the candy aisle for a big bag of M&Ms

What Is Capacity Planning?

What Is Capacity Planning? Planning is concerned with thinking ahead, making provision. Capacity can be referred to as the upper limit on the rate of output. Another meaning of capacity can also be to maximum rate at which a transformation system produces or processes inputs. Therefore capacity planning can be defined as the process used to determine how much capacity is needed and when it is needed, in order to manufacture greater product or being production of a new product. According to TeamQuest (www.teamquest.ocm/capacityplanning Date access 12 Feb 2010) the goal of capacity plannings would be to provide satisfactory service levels to users in a cost-effective manner. Capacity planning has become a major issue in a global environment due to the financial benefits of the efficient use of capacity plans within material requirements planning systems and other information systems. Insufficient capacity will lead to insufficient delivery performance, stress on current work-in-process, and frustrate sales personnel and those in manufacturing. However, excess capacity can be costly and unnecessary. The lack of proper capacity planning will become a barrier to the achievement of maximising performance. With regard to Natref refinery they have a constant plan ahead for the next six months where the last three months are fixed. A shortage of supply would definitely influence its ability to provide according to its estimates. The supplies need to be monitored closely due to the fact that capacity is a possible restraint, especially when there is a need for stock building. These problems are closely planned and scheduled to reduce unforeseen capacity problems. The planning is done by the shareholders of Natref namely Sasol, that holds 63.64% of the shares and Total that holds 36.36% shares. The shareholders are very closely involved with Natrefs daily operations. The levels of capacity and production rate is constantly monitored to ensure that the plant is run in an optimized way and to ensure that there are no shortage of raw materials. When doing capacity planning it is important to consider the following three steps as set out by TeamQuest (www.teamquest.ocm/capacityplanning Date access 12 Feb 2010): To follow the above mentioned steps, you can ensure that your organisation will be prepared for the future. You will have the information necessary to purchase only what you need, avoiding over-provisioning while at the same time assuring adequate service. To be able to do capacity planning it is important to understand and determine the market requirements. To be able to determine the requirements you need to understand the workloads. Before setting service/product levels, you need to determine what unit you will use to measure the incoming work. According to TeamQuest (www.teamquest.ocm/capacityplanning Date access 12 Feb 2010) the workload can be explained as a logical classification of work performed. It is useful to analyze the work done on systems in terms that make sense BOTTLENECKS What is a bottleneck? A Bottleneck is the action that occurs and causes the capacity in a certain procedure that is not fully utilized for (Operations Supply Management, Jacobs, Chase, Aquilano, 2009:165) this action, it may be time, how long it takes to complete the task or the facilities that are in process for instance dispatch places of the final product. Business Definition: Bottleneck (http://dictionary.bnet.com/definition/bottleneck.html Date of access 10 Feb 2010) An activity within an organization which has a lower capacity than preceding or subsequent activities, thereby limiting throughput. Bottlenecks are often the cause of a build-up of work in progress and of idle time, A limiting factor on the rate of an operation. A workstation operating at its maximum capacity becomes a bottleneck if the rate of production elsewhere in the plant increases throughput but at that workstation can not be increased to meet demand. An understanding of bottlenecks is important if the efficiency and capacity of an assembly line are to be increased. The techniques of fishbone charts, Pareto charts, and flow charts can be used to identify where and why bottlenecks occur. Identification of bottlenecks (Production and Operations Management, Ray Wild, 1979) There are two ways to identify bottlenecks in a system, first check whether the resource profile is correct for the given capacity and secondly make use of the knowledge of personnel in the specific layout by discussing this and finding out where they see the bottlenecks. In the process to avert and manage bottlenecks, there need to be looked at the following factors: The work that must be done and the work ethics The goal is to establish what the most economic way is, to get the work done. To standardize the method, equipment and material that is used to get the work done. Furthermore there should be established how much time a qualified worker needs to do a job of a given quality standard. It is important that this process be applied for maximum benefit to the organization. The interpretation of the layout Points that need to be looked at are the following: Cost of the handling and moving of crude oil. Utilization of labour, facilities and the space of the plant. Are there initial plans for the maximization or minimization of the layout? If equipment needs to be changed or replaced, does the plant compensate for it? Capacity planning and management thereof Effective capacity management is of utmost importance to Natref. The main goal for capacity planning is to balance the level of manufacturing to the demand of the product being manufactured. Capacity planning comes down to the following two factors: Determining the capacity needed for the manufacturing system. By developing and implementing a strategy that can be used in the existing process by applying resources in such a manner those fluctuations can supply in demand. Scheduling Because Natref is operating on a LEAN process, scheduling is of utmost importance, for example when a shutdown is planned. This means that certain activities will have to be rescheduled, for example, more completed products will have to be stored for the demand thereof during the shutdown. The ships with crude oil that have been ordered, will have to be rescheduled, because there might not be storage available at Natcos. The design and scheduling of the process flow See if the refinery process used by Natref is entailing optimal flow, in other words, is the manufacturing line in balance. All these processes are being used and implemented by Natref. What makes the situation at Natref a slightly different is that bottlenecks can not only arise in the layout, but also in the process of crude oil being provided from Durban by pipe line. Bottlenecks can also arise at the storage facility (Natcos). Refer to Annexure A for the schematic presentation on the potential bottlenecks. All the points marked A, B, C, D and E can be identified as probable bottlenecks. Because Natref itself does not have a lot of storage capacity (LEAN) for crude oil, they should act more pro-active to avoid bottlenecks in the refining and procurement stages. If bottlenecks occur during the refining process, then it should be dealt with the utmost urgency. Note to Natref At present Natrefs biggest points for bottlenecks are the procuring and shipping of ready products, because in both cases they do not have enough storage capacity. The existing shipping facility is too small and therefore a bigger shipping facility is being built to increase the tempo for road- and rail transport. This is a much cheaper option to building a storage facility at Natref, because there would be less risk due to fire hazards when product is kept in storage. Natrefs main goal is procurement of energy resources. Natref should in fact make use of its clients storage facilities and so shipping its ready-made products quicker. Relating to the procurement of crude oil, Natref should manage bottlenecks as follows for minimum risks: Advanced buying of crude oil should be scheduled that there would always be enough ships on its way, so that Natcos (storage farm at Durban) would not run out and that there would always be enough storage space. Maintenance plans for the pipe line from Natcos to Natref should be thoroughly seen through, so that continual flow of crude oil can be maintained. Maintenance should be synchronized during shutdown dates. CAPACITY PLANNING: CHANGES IN DEMAND AND SUPPLY The business environment has never been more challenging than it is right now. The speed of change in the marketplace is creating a stress on corporations to respond quickly and effectively. The foundation that is required to react to dynamic changes in supply and demand is based on understanding your supply chains capacities. Understanding and then building the infrastructure that provides the needed flexibility and speed requires an in-depth understanding of how capacity impacts your business. The impact of capacity management is felt throughout the organization, within every element of the supply chain. Supplier capacity can bring production to a standstill. Production capacity is equally important; if the capacity is not great enough to meet peak demand periods and inventory building is not properly planned, customer demand will go unfilled. Distribution capacity, both storage and throughput, ensures delivery of the right product at the right time. Transportation connects all elements of the supply chain; as such, its capacity issues are key, influencing service levels and on-time delivery performance. Change has become the rule, not the exception. The need for capacity management is measured not in years or quarters but rather in weeks and months. Changes can be brutally fast and without warning. Industry over the past two years has been hit hard with a steep slowdown of their business. Some were managing their capacity to great detail during the late 90s, with state of the art systems in place; however, these systems failed when business conditions began impacting their extended supply chains, including contract manufacturers and suppliers. With these current levels of change, dynamic measurement and planning tools have become a necessity. External as well as internal dynamics create the need for constant monitoring and adjustment of capacity levels and policies. Global economic conditions and competitors cause external pressures that challenge current business practices. From price pressures to raw material availability, organizations must be flexible enough to react quickly to these changes. Internal dynamics can be equally as disruptive. Acquisitions and partnerships as well as moves into new markets create opportunities to leverage current assets and spend capital wisely. However, without proper planning, these opportunities can become large challenges and liabilities if synergies are not exploited. No matter how well capacity planning is conducted, these decisions must periodically be revisited to make sure they are still aligned with the organizations goals. If so, they will provide the foundation to support new initiatives including collaboration throughout the extended supply chain. Management Reality: A subjective issue As every manager knows, capacity is a difficult concept to quantify. Whether its a workstations ability to process jobs or a manufacturing plants capability for a year, the answer is frequently it depends. Because of the dynamic nature of capacity and the interrelationships among different supply chain elements, capacity is forever changing. Product-mix changes, process or equipment engineering improvements, labor availability and new data management systems are only a few reasons capacity can suddenly change. The most available and, therefore, most popular measure of capacity is the past-but the past is not necessarily a good indication of the future. There is an answer. Many tools have been developed to address the dynamic nature of supply chains today. In an effort to empower managers, to allow them to plan rather than react, planning tools evaluate a variety of variables and are superior to educated guessing about where, how much and when capacity should be modified. With a scope ranging from a full view of the supply chain to a subset of the organization to a micro within the box view of a facility, there is a tool to meet any capacity management need. These tools help quantify the differences among alternatives and lead to a greater understanding of the interrelationships within a supply chain. From identifying bottlenecks, to backup suppliers, to available alternate routings, to contingency planning, the true cost and impact of decisions can be evaluated. Because all elements of the system being studied can be represented at once, sub-optimization can be avoided. Alternatives can be objectively evaluated to determine their t rue impact on a variety of performance measures, including throughput capacity, inventory levels, and cycle times, before expensive and disruptive changes are made. According to Baltzan et al. (2009:184) demand planning SCM (Supply Chain Management) software can help an organization determine capacity. An organization must determine the performance capacity level for each of its facilities. If it decides a facility will have a large amount of excess capacity, which provides the flexibility to respond to wide swings in demand, then it is choosing an effectiveness strategy. Excess capacity, however, cost money and can therefore decrease efficiency. Natref does just this, by utilising its software, swinging the throughput of its product albeit Diesel or Petrol, whenever the demand for the one product exceeds that of the other the system can rapidly change the throughput of the product needed. Competitive Advantage: Knowledge is Power Capacitys pervasive influence and the pace of change make the need for accurate knowledge and flexibility a necessity. The ability to quickly react, while making educated and informed decisions, will directly impact the health and success of your organization. It will enable you to rise above your competition, to compete based on your supply chain and the service and flexibility you can provide. In todays dynamic business environment, speed and flexibility are a necessity. From being able to quickly respond to business conditions to reacting to dramatic changes in customer demand, a disproportion of capacity can have devastating results. Too much capacity can result in low return on assets, morale damaging layoffs and expensive facility closures while too little can result in lost sales and eroding customer loyalty. Utilizing a strategic network design tool allows an organization to objectively evaluate its extended supply chain and simultaneously consider all costs and business policies. This understanding can then drive an organizations capital expenditures and strategies as they build a world-class supply chain, built to compete against any organization in the world. It can be said that from the information provided by Natref it is utilising its capacity very successful. In total Natref produces 170 000 m3 of Petrol 170 000m3 of Diesel fuel + 30 000 m3 of Diesel fuel for export markets, 110 000 m3 of Jet-Fuel (kerosene) and 25 000 t Heavy Fuel Oil for industrial use 13 000 t of Bitumen. Thus a total of 480 000m3 and 38 000t of product. The demand fluctuates constantly and Natref has to constantly stay abreast with changes. Natref are fortunate to have shareholders that have a direct input into the market that helps with its planning. TECHNIQUES TO DETERMINE LONG-TERM CAPACITY REQUIREMENTS To achieve real (effective) capacity, you must understand what is produce, need to look at both resource input and product output. As operation manager you have to ensure to view also the dimension of capacity, and that capacity must be stated relative to some period of time. This is evidence in the common distinction draw between long-range, intermediate-range, and short-range capacity planning.(Jacobs, Chase and Aquilano (2009:121-122)) According to Jacobs et al (2009:123-124) the objective of strategic capacity planning is to provide an approach for determining the overall capacity level of capital-intensive resources facilities, equipment, and overall labour force size that best support the companys long-range competitive strategy. To ensure overall capacity level the concept of best operating level must be used and at all time ensure a 100% capacity utilization rate is acquired. Capacity utilization rate is determined by the actual capacity used divided by the actual capacity it has been developing for. The % out of 100 will determined the utilization rate. When determining capacity requirements, you have to require demand for each product line, individual plant capabilities, and allocation from production: Use forecasting techniques to predict sales for individual products within each product line. Calculate equipment and labour requirements to meet product line forecasting. Project labour and equipment available over the planning horizon. (Jacobs et al (2009:121-122)) To evaluate capacity alternatives Jacobs et al (2009:131) suggests the use of a decision tree. A decision tree is a convenient way to evaluate a capacity investment decision; this does not only help to understand the problem but also finds a solution. A decision tree is a schematic model of the sequence of steps in a problem and the conditions and consequences of each step. The way forward is that a square indicates a decision point and the circles represent change events. Branches from decision point show choices available for decision maker, branches from chance events show the probabilities for occurrence. To solve the tree you work back from the end to the start of the tree, you calculate the expected values of each step, by calculating the value of each step the time and money value is important if the planning horizon is long. Example diagram of a decision tree Once the calculation is made you prune the tree by eliminating from each decision point all the branches except the one with the highest pay off. This continues until the first decision point and problems are solved. If no changes are made competitors will move in and would make expansion no longer feasible. According to an International Journal of Production Economics (2001:p215-22) in a manufacturing strategy, capacity is a structural decision category, dealing with dynamic capacity expansion and reduction relative to the long-term changes in demand levels. Sales and operation planning (SOP) is the long-term planning of production levels relative to sales within the frame work of a manufacturing planning and control system. Within the SOP, resources planning are used for determining the appropriate capacity levels in order to support the production plan. Manufacturing strategy and sales operation planning provides two perspectives on long-term capacity management, raising and treating different issues. Note to Natref: regarding best practice techniques to determine long-term capacity requirements Natref needs to: Estimate the capacity of the present facilities 115 000 barrels/day All petrol grades @ 3500 liter/minute 80% of JIA jet fuel requirements @ 2000 l/minute, and Diesel @ 4500 liters/minute With above information Natref need to establish their capacity utilization percentage and relates the actual output to output capacity and actual input use to input capacity. This will determine the efficiency of the current input and output capacity. With this a capacity cushion need to be added on to the capacity demand to allow for: greater than expected demand, demand during peak demand seasons, lower production cost, product and volume flexibility and improve quality of products and services. Forecast the long-range future capacity needs Natref need to consider the life input for the next 5 years and understand the product life cycle as it impacts capacity. Anticipate technology development and competitors action. Forecast the strategy and demand of shareholders. Ask the question what will change to the current month productions in 5 years: 170 000 m3 of Petrol 30 000 m3 of Diesel fuel for export markets 110 000 m3 Jet-fuel 25 000 t heavy fuel oil for industrial use Natref could also expand long-term capacity by: Subcontract with other companies, acquire other companies facilities and resources Expand , update or modify excising facilities When all above is done and the forecast and capacity requirements has been establish. Two approaches could be followed namely expand all at once or expand incrementally. Expand all at once build the ultimate facility now and grow into it Little risk of having to turn down business due to inadequate capacity and less interruption of production One large project cost less than few smaller projects and due to inflation, will construction cost be higher in the future Incrementally build as capacity demand grow Less risky if forecast needs to materialize and funds are not teid up in capacity for other investment possibilities Appropriate for new products May suggestion would be that after Natref has decides what strategy they want to take for the next 5 years regarding long-term capacity requirements they need to analyze more than one suggestion in a decision tree the expected value approach. The decision point would be the 5 year strategy, regarding this Natref need to determine more than one change event that will have an expected value. This will allow Natref to see all choices available for decision making and the probabilities for occurrence. When all the choices available value are calculated, Natref need to work back from the end of the tree to the start of the tree, this will allow Natref to calculated the expected value of each step and the time and money to determine the actual long-term requirements for the next 5 years. WAYS TO COUNTER LACK OF CAPACITY DURING PEAK DEMANDS/SHUTDOWNS If the goal of capacity planning is to provide satisfactory service levels to users in a cost effective manner, then the lack of capacity would be not succeeding in providing satisfactory service levels. And if capacity planning is defined as the process that is used to determine how much capacity is needed and when it is needed, in order to manufacture greater products or production of a new product, then lack of capacity is the situation where a goal is not achieved, due to some or other constraint in the process. According to a study conducted by Sylvester, Lendon and Bevan (2004:1) they prove that to continually add capacity is not a viable solution to counter the lack of capacity. In their study they needed to properly understand and manage patient flow in a hospital. This is removed from the capacity at a refinery, but the basics would still be the same. If one compare this directly to the Natref state of affairs, the assumption would be that to add capacity would not necessarily counter the lack of capacity. Natref is currently in the process of establishing another storage facility. The cost of adding this facility is very high, approximately R300 million. It is therefore not possible to constantly add capacity or storage facilities every time it seems that a lack of capacity will occur. Natref counter a lack of capacity by erecting a new storage facility, by ensuring that their estimates and planning for the given shutdown/peak period is precise. Although the product is stored periodically, to ensure that on the date of the shutdown or when the peak demand starts, it has sufficient stock to continue with the demand or supply in the additional situation, Natref should investigate the possibilities of utilising external sources of capacity. These storage facilities could include the underground tanks of the individual filling stations, and/or determining the product that will most likely be short or that needs to be stored for future use and to expand the storage of that product and less ening the storage of the product that would not be used as frequently. According to TeamQuest (www.teamquest.ocm/capacityplanning Date access 12 Feb 2010): there are five noteworthy reasons why capacity planning fails. It would also be possible to trace these reasons back and make a connection with the lack of capacity. If the planning fails the capacity would most probably fail as well. These five reasons are: 1. Imperfect data; 2. Lack of common goals; 3. Trendy versus modelling; 4. Too narrow view; 5. Flaws in the prediction method. If these five facts are taken into consideration when the capacity planning is done, it would increase the possibility of success for a project. Further there are three important considerations taken into account when adding capacity. They are: 1. Maintaining system balance; 2. Frequency of capacity; and 3. Use of external capacity. When analysing current capacity there are four basic steps that could be used to assist you: TeamQuest (www.teamquest.ocm/capacityplanning Date access 12 Feb 2010) identifies the following four steps: The first step would include comparing the measurements of any items referenced in the service level agreements with their objectives. This will indicate whether the system has adequate capacity. The second step would include checking the usage of resources. This analysis identifies highly used resources that may prove problematic at present or in the future. The third step would include looking at the resource utilisation for each workload. Determine which workloads are the major users of each resource. This will indicate the workloads that are making the greatest demands on the system resources. The fourth step is to determine where each workload is spending its time by analysing the components of response time. Allowing you to determine which system resources are responsible for the greatest portion of the response time for each workload. When measuring capacity you need to consider the following: Design capacity: the maximum output that can possibly be attained. Effective capacity: The maximum possible output given a product mix, scheduling difficulties, machine maintenance, quality factors, and so on. Actual output: the rate of output actually achieved. Measuring of System Effectiveness: Efficiency: the ratio of actual output to effective capacity Utilization the ratio of actual output to design capacity. PLAN FOR THE FUTURE: To ensure that you will be able to meet the requirements of the market in a years time, you need to do capacity planning based on the forecasted processing requirements. You need to know the expected amount of incoming work, by workload. That will allow you to calculate the optimal system configuration for satisfying service levels. Future processing requirements can come from a variety of sources. Input form management may include: Expected growth in the business Requirements for implementing new applications Planned acquisitions or divestitures to name but a few. Additional, future processing requirements may be identified from trends in historical measurements of incoming work such as orders or transactions. After system capacity requirements for the future are identified, a capacity plan should be developed to prepare for it. The first step in doing this is to create a model of the current configuration. From this starting point, the model can be modified to reflect the future capacity requirements. If the results of the model indicate that the current configuration does not provide sufficient capacity for the future requirements, then the model can be used to evaluate configuration alternatives to find the optimal way to provide sufficient capacity. When considering capacity planning there are even more issues to consider. Best practices. Since the late nineties refineries have expanded capacity significantly, production capacity has increased tremendously. As refineries got larger, it was expected that emissions would increase as well. Environmental problems have become a huge issue due to the large expansion in demand for product. Goals to achieve the environmental standards and best practices are a large part of capacity planning and production. Finding newer and better ways of producing more product and faster and cheaper. New modern techniques have challenged organisations to rethink the way they conduct business both internally and externally. To determine how efficiently and effectively their entire supply chain is managed. The petroleum refining industry has effectively embraced the software solutions to optimise the business supply chain to maximise the profit margins and create order in the chaos of numerous opportunities and challenges. The supply chain of a typical petroleum refining company involves a wide spectrum of activities, starting form crude purchase and crude transportation to refineries, refining operations, product transportation and finally delivering the product to the end user. The nature of the value chain is such that its economics are extremely complex and heavily linked. For example the process of selecting the right crude is liked not only to the transportation costs involved in delivering to the refinery, but it must take into consideration the refinery configuration, capabilities and constraints in converting the crude into products, as well as the product volume and price fluctuations. Software solutions based on Linear programming (LP) technique have emerged as leaders among various mathematical optimization techniques available to optimize the entire supply chain form crude evaluation and selection, production planning and product logistic planning Refinery planning form the foundation for the business decisions that have the biggest impact on refinery profitability. The following are plans that should be considered: Annual plans Monthly rolling plans Weekly Plans Strategic Plans Profitability improvement plans LONG TERM CAPACITY PLANNING According to the Encyclopaedia of Business, 2nd ed. The following is explained under long term capacity planning: Over the long term, capacity planning relates primarily to strategic issues. This involves the firms major production facilities. This type of planning also involves location decisions, technology and transferability of the process to other products. Long term capacity planning may evolve when short term changes in capacity are insufficient. Long term considerations relates to overall level of capacity Det

Free Hamlet Essays: Foils of Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

Foils of Hamlet In the classic play Hamlet by William Shakespeare is a work that has and will test time. [SS - 1] In this piece of work there are many characters that contribute as foils. A foil is a minor character in a literary work who by the similarities and differences in what the character does (compared to a more important character) or by simple [sic] being there for another character to talk to which helps the audience understand a more important character. [SS - 1] There are many foils of the main character, Hamlet. Some of these foils of the main character include Hamlet and Ophelia, Hamlet and Horatio, and [sic] There are many reasons why Ophelia is a foil for Hamlet. If Ophelia was not in the play Hamlet would not have a love and there really wouldn't be a love story in the play. They are both basically the same social class and the same age. Eventhough [sic] Hamlet is a prince, Ophelia is close to him in social class because she is the daughter of Polonius, councilor to the king. They are both in the upper class. They both love each other. On the other hand, some of the differences are Hamlet is male and Ophelia is female. Also Hamlet is a little [more] on the crazy side than Ophelia. The importance of Ophelia in the story is to have a love for Hamlet and to have Hamlet talk to someone lovingly. This is why Ophelia is a foil of Hamlet. [How does "having Hamlet talk to someone lovingly" relate to the theme of the play (or to the characterization of Hamlet)?] Another foil of Hamlet is Horatio. Some similarities of Hamlet and Horatio are they are the same age and the same social class. Other similarities are that they are fellow students and basically best friends. Throughout the play there is no one closer to Hamlet than Horatio probably because they are such good friends. In the play Hamlet talks the most to Horatio which would be why he is considered one of Hamlet's foils. Some of the differences are that Horatio is sane and Hamlet is considered crazy. Basically, that is the only difference between the two. The importance of Horatio in the play is to be a best friend who Hamlet can come to and talk about what is going on in his life.

What Can African Americans Do to Become More Marketable?

What can African Americans do to become more marketable in this economy? The average African Americans have by far been significantly unmarketable in comparison to their Average Caucasian counterparts. However, it should be mentioned that there are some African Americans who are also very marketable in our society. These few successful and marketable African Americans know and apply key principles in marketing themselves. This is the difference that separates the unmarketable and marketable African American.However, there are ways for the unmarketable African Americans to become more marketable in the global economy. In this essay, I will only be discussing seven of those major ways. African Americans can become more marketable if they: develop a highly impressive resume; prepare to participate in the global economy; become technologically savvy; are flexible in job expectations; improve on interview skills; network wisely; and improve on his or her interview skills.The first thing t hat African Americans who want to become more marketable should do is attend college or university and study a challenging major. This is because it is important to have at least a Bachelors degree in order to get a meaningful job that will bring any kind of success to ones life. After attending University; one should develop a highly impressive resume. An impressive resume that documents evidence of academic excellence, demonstrated leadership, well developed social skills, and personal initiative will definitely get the attention of corporate recruiters and hiring managers.It is also important to participate in the global economy. One can do this by becoming familiar with another language. Becoming familiar with at least one of the major languages that are involved in international commerce such as: Japanese, Spanish, or Chinese; is enough to put one head and shoulders above his or her peers. One should also try to become more technologically savvy because the advancements in Info rmation Technology affect almost every academic and occupational profession.In order to become more technologically savvy, one should try to take a few computer or internet-related courses and also read professional journals in his or her field that has a technological slant. African Americans should also try not to limit him or herself by having predetermined notions about the size of the company that they want to work for or their exact job title or starting salary.This is because in doing so employers may not be very welcoming. To be as marketable as possible an African American should indicate to prospective employers that they are flexible to employment and career advancement. In order to be marketable African Americans should also improve on interviewing skills. This can be done by reading books and articles on interviewing and also by attending career placement office tutorials and work shops on interviewing.Another way to work on interviewing skills is to role play with some one and have them videotape the session. It is also of utmost importance for African Americans who want to become more marketable network wisely and mentor with someone successful in his or her career field. Professional networking can afford an individual to meet successful professionals in his or her field that can alert him or her to what’s available in the hidden job market of which he or she may not have otherwise known about.Networking is also important because the more people who know about ones career interest and can speak favorably of him or her, the more desirable he or she will be to other prospective employers. African Americans should mentor with someone successful in his or her field, this is because it is career enhancing to mentor with someone who has achieved distinction in the African American’s academic/occupational field and is willing to offer career guidance and support. A well connected mentor can sponsor his or her membership in one or more pre stigious organizations.Listing these associations on ones resume can enhance his or her written credentials and give him or her a bit of a competitive edge in job hunting. In conclusion, the average African American can become more marketable if he or she is willing to learn and practice the ways that the marketable use to become more marketable. These ways/principles are quite easy to follow and anyone can implement them. However, one needs to be dedicated, ambitious, and hard-working in his or her endeavors.

Comparison of the films Psycho and Scream Essay Example

Comparison of the films Psycho and Scream Essay Example Comparison of the films Psycho and Scream Paper Comparison of the films Psycho and Scream Paper Essay Topic: Film The film Psycho would have shocked the audience when the film was first released in 1960, and due to the well thought out story line and unpredictable ending, still would have the audience captivated in the year 2002. Hitchcock kept pushing the boundaries as to how far a horror film could go. This kept the audience in shock and excitement as this kind of imagery had never before been seen at this time. The nudity shown on screen would also have shocked the audience because normally at the time, (1960) the viewer would not be used to such graphic imagery, however mild it may appear to be today. Hitchcock used many taboo subjects in his films and also graphic scenes. I believe that these scenes were very good at creating publicity and giving a very unique out-look on his work, as it seperates him from other directors. Hitchcock succeeds in creating suspense through-out the film Psycho, especially the shower scene. This would have to be one of Hitchcocks most famous scenes. Hitchcock wanted the audience to believe that Marion Crane was actually getting stabbed, but had to use limited effects due to censors and budget. Hitchcock uses many filming and sound techniques to get the best sequence across to the audience, without making it too violent. Hitchcock used around seventy-eight different camera angles to achieve the best possible murder shot. He also used many different types of camera shots to add to the effect of the scene. Hitchcock varied the lengths of the shots, to give a more frantic feel to the scene, such as a close-up, closely followed by a medium close-up. Another interesting aspect of the stabbing is the way the audience never actually views the knife penetrating the skin. I feel that the scene was more effective without the actual stabbing as it made the viewer imagine what was happening. I believe that Hitchcock had a lot of dedication to his films, as he was willing to go through so many different stages and shots to get his point across, and create suspense and tention with not only the visuals but also the sound. Another part of the film which a modern day viewer may not think was very unusual, was the first scene, which showed Marion sleeping with Sam, despite not being married to him. Normally in the 1960s it would be considered as wrong for a woman to sleep with a man who she is not married to. This showed more evidence of Hitchcock taking risks and going against usual old fashioned morals. I strongly believe that this began mordernising the film industry. I have chosen to compare Psycho to,Scream, as I believe that both directors where trying to break out of the predictable horror movie cycle, which had been rampant during thses times. Scream had a much larger budget than Psycho, and was released many years later in 1996. Since it was released in October of 1996, it has made over $86 million dollars, and two sequels have been released. Wes Craven (The director of Scream), is also famous for other blosckbuster movies such as, I know what you did last summer, I still know what you did last summer and The mind ripper. Craven has in each maintained a gripping dedication to the genre that he was made famous for, horror. Craven is a modern day director and is therefore able to use things like sex, nudity and graphic scenes of violence, freely and without as many restrictions as Hitchcock. Who had to work around these problems. Craven also uses many unpredictable story lines and plots in his films to create suspense, just as though Hitchcock did in many of his films. Cravens films mainly consist of a killer, victims, a motive and without a doubt, fear. Horror movies in the past may have seemed to be very predictable, so an avid or experienced horror film viewer, would have some preconseptions of a teen horror movie. As most modern teen horror films are usually predictable and have identical or similar story lines as those made previously. Many modern day teen horror films usually contain basic survival rules. Such as the main character remaining a virgin, and not drinking or taking drugs. These types of characters are mainly portraid as strong minded individuals, who only end up being killed if they take part in any of the previously mentioned activities. A lot of modern teen horror films contain phrases like, whos there? or Ill be right back, coincidentally if a person says them, they will inevitably be murdered. Craven abandons these predictable out comes in Scream when the main character, Sydney Prescott, loses her virginity, drinks and actually lives to be in the two sequals. These new ideas and abandoning old ways whilst bringing in new convention, create more suspense and leave the film very unpredictable to the audience. Just as though Hitchcocks Psycho did. In conclusion I believe that without Hitchcock starting, what I would call a revolution in the film industry; by pushing the limits and using low cost effects to create a more realistic cinematic experience. The film industry would not be as decensortised as it is today. I also believe that Wes Craven plays a big part in modern day films as he is, like Hitchcock, inventing new and less predictable ideas, therefore challenging directors to come up with more inavative films.