Coliform Bacteria: Occurrence and Antibiotic Susceptibility

Coli wee Bacteria Occurrence and antibiotic SusceptibilityAbs footpathBacteriological taint of muscles and digestive nerve pathway limit of Oreochromis sp. and Labeo sp. reargond in a consortium supplied with interior(prenominal) sewage was enumerated followed by goal of bulwark of thermotolerent coli produces for antibiotics. Numbers of bacterium in muscles and digestive leaflet content of slant reflected their densities in water. Muscles of both the angle species look intoed gamey numbers of fit coliforms (TC) and faecal coliforms (FC). Escherichia Coli (E.coli) were never recovered from the muscles but from the digestive tract contents of the tilt. Ranking of the total and fecal coliform contamination levels showed a decrease in the order digestive tract contents muscles (pKeywords Domestic sewage Fish faecal coliforms Escherichia coli Water quality Antibacterial resistor Public health.Introduction t come in ensemble around the world, people both in rural and urban argonas bring in been using domestic wastes to fertilize lean ponds (Strauss et al. 2000). In the majority of cases, domestic sewages are applied un toughened or only partially treated through storage (Strauss 2000). Domestic sewer water, rich in nourishings, employ in aqua stopping point supports the growth of plankton and other microorganisms which are consumed by the search with little divine guidance of other supplemented feed. Recycling of domestic sewage through aquaculture is an effective form of pollution control, which contributes to equal recovery and provides a source of low cost animal protein production.Domestic sewage transports a variety of charitable pathogenic microorganisms which may contaminate slant flesh when fish is grown in ponds receiving waste water (Niewolak and Tucholski 2000). Besides, municipal effluent consists of huge amounts of incompletely metabolized antimicrobic drugs which can lead to the development of antibiotic repelling bac teria as well as broad plasmids (Wiggins et al. 1999). The prominently affected bacteria are members of enterobacteriaceae and related gram negative rods (Kelch and Lee 1978). One of the definitive concern of wastewater fisheries is the contamination of fishes by fecal coliforms (Fapohunda, MacMillan, Marshall and Waites 1994). Their comportment in fish intended for human consumption may bring into being a potential danger non only by cause disease but also because of the possible transfer of antibiotic fortress from aquatic bacteria to human-infecting bacteria from nonaquatic sources (Olayemi, Adedayo and Ojo 1991). Therefore, periodic and comprehensive sanitary go off of wastewater fishery is required. For years, the group of fecal (also called thermotolerant) coliforms (FC) has been the most widely used as fecal contamination as their excreted committal is similar or larger than that of pathogenic organisms, and their survival time in the surroundings prolonged than t hat of excreted bacteria and viruses (Strauss 1997).In the reach reflect, an attempt has been made to determine the bacteriologic contamination of muscles and digestive tract contents of Oreochromis sp. and Labeo sp. reared in wastewater provideeral official pond. Resistance to two very common antibiotics for random thermotolerent coliform isolates from muscle and digestive tract contents of both the fish was also determined.Materials and MethodsStudy situateA sewage fed pond of Bandipur, Rahara, North 24 Parganas, (2244N parallel and 8824E Longitude) was taken into consideration for this study and to examine bacterial load of water and fish. Raw sewage was entirely of domestic origin, coming from Tit agarh township of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal.Sampling and DissectionFish samples were caught with a meshing and were immediately transferred to the laboratory in containers with pond water. They were dissected according to Buras et al. 1987. Muscles and digestive tract conte nts were isolated and placed in sterile spyglass vessels. The tissues were weighed under sterile conditions, ground in a mortar and hang up in sodium chloride (NaCl) physiological solution (10 ml of the solution for several(prenominal)ly 1 g of the muscle or digestive tract content). The suspensions were homogenized using Universal Laboratory Aid Type MPW-309 homogenizer, at grounds rpm, for 10 minutes. The homogenates were then serially diluted (10-1 to 10-6 for muscles and 10-1 to 10-7 for digestive tract contents) and inoculated into culture media. Time lag from fish collection to the analyses did not exceed 6 hours. Water from sewage-supplied pond was sampled and analysed simultaneously with fish sampling. Samples were collected monthly from July 2009 to family line 2009.Microbiological Analyses meat ColiformsLauryl Tryptose (LT) Broth at 350C for 48 hr was used for three-tube most-probable-number (MPN) likely determinations of coliforms (APHA 1998). From all positive pre sumptive tubes, total coliforms were confirmed by the composition of gas in any amount in the Durham upheaval tubes of brilliant green lactose bile broth (BGLB) for 48 hr at 350C.Fecal Coliforms and E.coliAll positive Lauryl Tryptose (LT) MPN tubes to tubes of Escherichia coli (EC) Broth followed by incubation at 44.50C for 48 hr constitute a positive fecal coliform test. The growth from positive EC tubes was then streaked onto Levine Eosin methylene Blue (EMB) Agar plates and incubated at 35C for 18 to 24 h. Colonies from EMB Agar plates typical of E. coli were transferred to Nutrient agar (NA) slants from which GIMViC tests were performed where G-medium is the secondary EC broth, I -medium is Tryptone broth, M- and V-medium is Buffered Glucose broth, and C-medium is Simmons Citrate agar. MPN of E. coli was then computed based on the number of tubes found to contain isolates that produce GIMViC reaction patterns characteristic of E. coli (APHA 2001).Representatives of typical t hermotolerent coliform isolates from fish samples were selected randomly by colony morphology on Eosin methylene blue agar and were streaked aseptically several times on freshly prepared nutrient agar plates to obtain subtle isolates (Ogbonna, Sokari and Amaku 2008). Nutrient agar plates were then supplemented with ampicillin (50g ml-1) and tetracycline (25gml-1) and were used to evaluate antibiotic susceptibility patterns of 117 pure isolates (Miranda and Zemelman 2001). 32 isolates from muscles and 24 isolates from digestive tract contents of Oreochromis sp. and 39 strains from muscles and 22 isolates from digestive tract contents of Labeo sp. were subjected to antibiotics sensitivity test.Statistical AnalysesMeans and bill errors (SE) were calculated. T test was performed between bacterial concentration of muscles and digestive tract contents of both the fish. A significance level of 5% was considered (Zar 2007).Resultsbacterial loads in muscles and digestive tract contents of Oreochromis sp. and Labeo sp. were exceptionally high. Total coliforms and fecal coliforms were commonly found in all analysed fish tissues. Escherichia Coli were not found in the muscles of either fish. Additionally, however, thermotolerant Escherichia coli were present in the digestive tract contents of both the fish (Table 2). Bacterial loads in the fish were significantly higher (pAntibiotic tube patternOf the 117 thermotolerent coliform isolates examined for antibiotic sensitivity, 82% (96 isolates out of 117) were tetracycline resistant and 65% (76 isolates out of 117) were ampicillin resistant. 58.11% (68 isolates out of 117) of the total isolates were resistant to both antibiotics where as 31% (36 isolates out of 117) were resistant to single antibiotic. From the single antibiotic resistant isolates, 24% were tetracycline resistant and 7% were ampicillin resistant (Figure 1). 56.41% isolates (22 isolates out of 39) from flesh and 22.72% (5 isolates out of 22) from digestive tract contents of Labeo sp. showed resistance to both antibiotics whereas 71.87% isolates from flesh (23 isolates out of 32) and 75% (18 isolates out of 24) from digestive tract contents of Oreochromis sp. showed resistance to both ampicillin and tetracycline (Figure 2).DiscussionComparison of fecal coliform counts of water of Bandipur sewage fed fish pond with WHO (World Health Organization) water quality criteria (WHO 1989) suggests considerable contamination of the first. Bacterial phytology of fish reflects the bacteriological quality of the water from where the fish harvested (Geldrich and Clarke 1966). Strong correlation between the bacterial species present in the pond water and the fish regardless of the type of fish were also inform by Buras et al. 1987 Ogbondeminu 1993 Apun, Yusofand and Jugang 1999. Thus, in our study, total coliforms, fecal coliforms and E.coli recovered from muscles and digestive tract contents of Oreochromis sp. and Labeo sp. may reflect bacteriolog ical water quality of the Bandipur sewage fed pond.Fecal coliforms in fish muscles were recovered when values of FC in water were 3.86+3.63105 MPN deoxycytidine monophosphate ml-1 which were much higher than those recommended by WHO (1989) in its health guidelines on wastewater use in aquaculture. Fecal coliforms in fish reflect the level of pollution of their environment, as the normal floras of fish do not include coliforms (Cohen and Shuval 1973). Presence of fecal coliforms indicates the presence of fecal visible from warm-blooded animals. However, thermotolerent coliforms include the genera of fecal as well as non fecal origin. E. coli is a species of fecal coliform bacteria that is specific to fecal material from earthly concern and other warm-blooded animals (Bhatia 2008). Environmental Protection Agency (1992) thus recommends E. coli as the best fecal indicator of health risk from water. No noticeable penetration of E.coli in muscles of either fish was found at 1.34+0.95 104 MPN 100 ml-1 of E.coli concentration in water of sewage fed pond (Table 1). Thus, the fish flesh qualities at harvest were good on the basis of their E. coli counts. golosh precautions during fish processing are still needed to avoid cross-contamination callable to high accumulation of microorganisms in the digestive tract of fish.In this study significantly higher numbers of bacteria (pA wide send of thermotolerent coliforms isolated from sewage fed fish showed resistance to both ampicillin and tetracycline. Multiple anitibiotic resistant faecal coliforms have been observed in wastewater across the world (Gallert et al. 2005). Antibiotic resistance among random bacterial isolates from several(predicate) organs of fish captured from fecally contaminated water with a full hurl of resistance (00-100%) to different common antibiotics of therapeutic and prophylactic use among human beings and in various animal bring forths and fish farms was inform by several authors. (Rhodes et al. 2000 Miranda and Zemelman 2001 Pathak and Gopal 2005). Thus the source of the problem of antibiotic resistance bacteria in wastewater pond of Bandipur was fecally contaminated water.Among thermotolerent coliforms recovered from fish, resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline was found in 65% and 82% of the isolates, respectively. Occurrence of thermotolerent coliforms with high resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline reflect human influence in the environment (Andersen and Sandaa 1994). Domestic sewage enters into the pond environment of the sewage fed farm with huge antibiotics which are used as medicines, as growth promoters or as preventative maintenance and may have established a selective pressure due to a slow degradation of antimicrobials favouring pull ahead growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (Petersen and Dalsgaard 2003). It may possible that these antibiotic resistant bacteria from wastewater may transfer their antibiotic resistant determinants to indigenou s flora of fish, provoking their spread and prevalence in aquatic environment.In the present study bacteria resistant to both ampicillin and tetracycline from digestive tract contents were higher in Oreochromis sp. than in Labeo sp. It may be related to detritus feeding habit of Oreochromis sp. by which it is more assailable to wastes as well as antimicrobials than Labeo sp. which is a column feeder. Similar findings were reported by Miranda and Zemelman (2001) with demersal and pelagic fish. Antibiotic resistant fecal bacteria form domestic sewage may change nutritionally beneficial enteral microflora with unexpected consequences on fish health.Our study indicates that fish flesh qualities were fitting in terms of E.coli counts. In spite of that flesh of both fish showed high numbers of antibiotic resistant thermotolerent coliforms which may include Klebsiella spp., Citrobactor spp. and Enterobacter spp. (non fecal origin) but till have immense ecological and habitual health im plications specially if the resistance is plasmid mediated then there could be a problem associated with the transfer of resistance determinants to human pathogenic bacteria which may enter in human population through fish consumption. According to Walia et al. (2004) antibiotic resistance genes against ampicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline are known to be transferable to other bacteria.Thus, we can say that Wastewaters and fishes reside there are potent source of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which in turn may transfer their resistance genes to nonresistant bacteria (Schwartz et al. 2003). Several studies indicate that the environmental conditions in wastewater may enhance the likelihood of gene transfer (Pote et al. 2003). Mach and Grimes (1982) demonstrated the high transfer frequencies of enteric bacteria in a wastewater. Additionally resistant bacteria may pose a risk of therapeutic problems to public health and fish population. So the study demands an elaborate investiga tion on the members of predominant multidrug resistant bacterial microflora associated with sewage fed fishery along with their plasmids profile as an evidence of conjugal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in human and animal food chain through fish consumption.